You have an electric vehicle and want to charge the battery from an AC grid voltage. An on-board charger (OBC) of an electric vehicle converts AC grid voltage into DC voltage to charge the high-voltage battery.

**Operating Principle: **\\
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**AC Input**\\
* The grid provides a sinusoidal AC voltage that alternates between positive and negative values.\\
**Rectification (Full-Bridge)**\\
* A full-bridge rectifier uses four diodes. During each half-cycle, two diodes conduct, ensuring that current always flows in the same direction through the load.\\
**Pulsating DC Output**\\
* The output voltage is always positive but contains significant ripple at twice the grid frequency (100 Hz).\\
**Smoothing**\\
* A capacitor connected in parallel to the load reduces voltage ripple by storing and releasing energy.\\
**Active Rectification (PFC)**\\
* In real EV chargers, active rectifiers improve efficiency and power factor by shaping the input current to follow the voltage waveform.