Table of Contents

Rectangular-to-Triangle Signal Conversion - Integrator

Background Information

The operation of an OPV in the linear operating range can be enforced by means of circuitry by feeding back the output signal, i.e., returning it to the inverting input (- input). In the circuit shown, the negative feedback is provided by a capacitor.


mexlefirst_public:integrator_circuit.svg

Analysis of the circuit:
Negative feedback

$\Rightarrow u_\mathrm{d} = 0 \Rightarrow i_R = \frac{u_\mathrm{e}}{R}$

$i_R=i_C$ (because OPV input current $i_\mathrm{n} = 0$)

$u_\mathrm{a}=-u_C=-\frac{1}{C}\int i_\mathrm{C}\,dt=-\frac{1}{RC}\int u_\mathrm{e}\,dt$





The integrated input voltage appears at the output. The product of resistance and capacitance has the character of a time constant:

$T_\mathrm{i}=RC$


mexlefirst_public:integrator_u-t-diagramme.svg





The figure shows the output voltage of an integrator with a square wave voltage at the input. The output voltage at the start $u_\mathrm{a}(t=0)$ depends on the charge state of the capacitor when switched on.





Experimental Tasks

To analyze the behavior of the integrator, the following circuit is used:


mexlefirst_public:integrator_experiment.svg


Supply voltages (from power supply unit):

$UCC=+3~V, UEE~=-3~V$

Values of the components used:

$R1.3=10~kΩ, C1=10~nF$







  1. task-type-result Calculate the time constant $T_\mathrm{i}$ of the integrator from the given values.
  2. task-type-result Assumption: the capacitor is initially uncharged. A voltage $u_\mathrm{e}=+3~V$ is applied to the input. How long does it take for the output voltage to reach $u_\mathrm{Tr}=-3~V$? Document your calculation.
  3. task-type-result Roughly sketch the voltage curves that you expect at the TR output when you apply a bipolar square wave signal to the $u_\mathrm{e}$ input.

    Output TR

    mexlefirst_public:oscilloscope_screen.svg


    Channel 1:$\frac {Volt}{Div}=$


    Time basis: $\frac {T}{Div}=$










  4. task-type-oscilloscope Build the circuit on the MEXLE-board. Please use the level shifting circuit at the input of the circuit. Make sure that the jumper at the bottom of the op-amp is set to the left so that the op-amp is supplied with +/- 3V. Connect channel 1 on the oscilloscope to $U_\mathrm{e}$ and channel 2 to TR. Connect the function generator to the $U_\mathrm{e}$ input. Set to square wave (bipolar) with a frequency of 3kHz and a voltage of 3 V (amplitude). Switch on the power supply. Take a photo of the oscilloscope screen image.


    C1 = 10 nF, f = 3 kHz

    mexlefirst_public:oscilloscope_screen.svg


    Channel 1: $\frac {Volt}{Div}=$

    Channel 2: $\frac {Volt}{Div}=$


    Time basis: $\frac {T}{Div}=$







  5. task-type-freetext Compare your measurement with the calculation from part 2 and the forecast from part 3. Explain your result.
  6. task-type-single-choice (single choice test) Two resistors $R_1 = 1\,\mathrm{k\Omega}$ and $R_2 = 2\,\mathrm{k\Omega}$ are connected in series to a $9\,\mathrm{V}$ source. What is the voltage across $R_2$?
    • $3\,\mathrm{V}$
    • $4.5\,\mathrm{V}$
    • $6\,\mathrm{V}$
    • $9\,\mathrm{V}$
  7. task-type-multiple-choice (multiple choice test) Two resistors $R_1 = 100\,\Omega$ and $R_2 = 220\,\Omega$ are connected in parallel to a DC voltage source. Which statements are correct?
    • The same voltage drops across both resistors.
    • The same current flows through both resistors.
    • The total resistance is smaller than $100\,\Omega$.
    • $R_\mathrm{sum} = R_1 + R_2 = 320\,\Omega$
    • The larger resistor carries the larger current.
    • The total current equals the sum of the two branch currents.

Test Questions - Integrator