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| circuit_design:exercise_sheet_1 [2023/03/09 14:49] – [Bearbeiten - Panel] mexleadmin | circuit_design:exercise_sheet_1 [2023/11/04 08:54] (aktuell) – [Bearbeiten - Panel] mexleadmin |
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| <panel type="info" title="Exercise 1.1.1 Microphone amplifier I"> | <panel type="info" title="Exercise 1.1.1 Microphone amplifier I"> |
| <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 92%> | <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 92%> |
| An amplifier circuit shall amplify a microphone signal in such a way that a loudspeaker ($R_{LS}= 8.0 ~\Omega$) can be driven. The [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current#Root_mean_square_voltage|rms value]] of the desired voltage across the loudspeaker shall be $U_{RMS,LS} = 10 ~V$. It is assumed that a sinusoidal signal is to be output. The power is supplied by two voltage sources with $V_{S+} = 15 ~V$ and $V_{S-} = - 15 ~V$. | An amplifier circuit shall amplify a microphone signal so that a loudspeaker ($R_{\rm LS}= 8.0 ~\Omega$) can be driven. The [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current#Root_mean_square_voltage|rms value]] of the desired voltage across the loudspeaker shall be $U_{\rm RMS, LS} = 10 ~\rm V$. It is assumed that a sinusoidal signal is to be output. The power is supplied by two voltage sources, with $V_{\rm S+} = 15 ~\rm V$ and $V_{\rm S-} = - 15 ~\rm V$. |
| For understanding (especially for tasks 2. and 3.), look at the simulation under the subchapter [[1_amplifier_basics#equivalent_circuit_diagram|equivalent circuit]] in chapter "1. amplifier basics". This example shows a __realistic__ amplifier, but also the idealized current flow can be guessed from this. | For understanding (especially for tasks 2. and 3.), look at the simulation under the subchapter [[1_amplifier_basics#equivalent_circuit_diagram|equivalent circuit]] in chapter "1. amplifier basics". This example shows a realistic amplifier, and the idealized current flow can be guessed from this. |
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| - Draw a labelled sketch of the circuit with the amplifier as a black box.<WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | Draw a labeled sketch of the circuit with the amplifier as a black box.<WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - What power $P$ does the loudspeaker consume? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - What power (P) does the loudspeaker consume? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - From this, how can we determine the rms current $I_{RMS,S}$ of the power supply at which the above desired voltage $U_{RMS,LS}$ is output at the loudspeaker? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - From this, how can we determine the RMS current $I_{\rm RMS, S}$ of the power supply at which the above-desired voltage $U_{\rm RMS, LS}$ is output at the loudspeaker? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - Determine from the previous task the maximum current $I_{max,S}$ for which the two power supplies must be designed at least. \\ (Note that for simple amplifiers the output current $I_O$ is always less than or equal to the current $I_S$ of the power supply).<WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - Determine from the previous task the maximum current $I_{\rm max, S}$ for which the two power supplies must be designed at least. \\ (Note that for simple amplifiers, the output current $I_\rm O$ is always less than or equal to the current $I_\rm S$ of the power supply.) <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| </WRAP></WRAP></panel> | </WRAP></WRAP></panel> |
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| <panel type="info" title="Exercise 1.1.2 Microphone amplifier II"> | <panel type="info" title="Exercise 1.1.2 Microphone amplifier II"> |
| <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 92%> | <WRAP group><WRAP column 2%>{{fa>pencil?32}}</WRAP><WRAP column 92%> |
| A voltage amplifier circuit is given, which shall amplify a microphone signal in such a way that a loudspeaker ($R_{LS}= 8.0 \Omega$) can be driven. Neither amplification nor the desired voltage at the loudspeaker is known. This amplifier circuit is internally protected against overcurrents above $I_{max,amplifier}= 5.0 A$ by a fast fuse. It is known that no overcurrents occur in the allowed voltage operation of $8.0 \Omega$ loudspeakers. | A voltage amplifier circuit is given, which shall amplify a microphone signal in such a way that a loudspeaker ($R_{\rm LS}= 8.0 ~\Omega$) can be driven. Neither amplification nor the desired voltage at the loudspeaker is known. This amplifier circuit is internally protected against over-currents above $I_{\rm max, amplifier}= 5.0 ~\rm A$ by a fast fuse. It is known that no over-currents occur in the allowed voltage operation of $8.0 ~\Omega$ loudspeakers. |
| - By what factor does the current change if a $4.0 \Omega$ loudspeaker is used instead of an $8.0 \Omega$ loudspeaker? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - By what factor does the current change if a $4.0 ~\Omega$ loudspeaker is used instead of an $8.0 ~\Omega$ loudspeaker? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - What effect does this have on the fuse? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - What effect does this have on the fuse? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| </WRAP></WRAP></panel> | </WRAP></WRAP></panel> |
| <imgcaption pic1_1_3_Wheat|Wheatstone bridge circuit with a temperature sensor> | <imgcaption pic1_1_3_Wheat|Wheatstone bridge circuit with a temperature sensor> |
| </imgcaption> | </imgcaption> |
| {{drawio>wheatstonesche_brueckenschaltung_tsensor}} | {{drawio>wheatstonesche_brueckenschaltung_tsensor.svg}} |
| </panel></WRAP> | </panel></WRAP> |
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| Imagine that you work in the company "HHN Mechatronics & Robotics". You are developing an IoT system that will be used in a harsh environment and will contain a rechargeable battery. The temperature of the battery must be monitored during operation and charging. If the temperature is too high, charging must be aborted or a warning issued. For the temperature measurement at the housing of the used lithium-ion cell {{elektronische_schaltungstechnik:ncr18650b.pdf|NCR18650}} a measuring circuit is to be built up. | Imagine that you work in the company "HHN Mechatronics & Robotics". You are developing an IoT system that will be used in a harsh environment and will contain a rechargeable battery. The temperature of the battery must be monitored during operation and charging. If the temperature is too high, charging must be aborted or a warning issued. For the temperature measurement at the housing of the used lithium-ion cell {{elektronische_schaltungstechnik:ncr18650b.pdf|NCR18650}} a measuring circuit is to be built up. |
| A suggestion for the circuit is as follows: | A suggestion for the circuit is as follows: |
| - Wheatstone bridge circuit with $R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = R_4 = 1.0k \Omega $. | - Wheatstone bridge circuit with $R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = R_4 = 1.0 ~\rm k \Omega $. |
| - Let the resistor $R_4$ be a PT1000 with a temperature coefficient $\alpha = 3850 \frac{ppm}{K}$. | - Let the resistor $R_4$ be a PT1000 with a temperature coefficient $\alpha = 3850 ~\rm \frac{ppm}{K}$. |
| - For the other resistors, to components are chosen, that have an unknown temperature coefficient. According to the data sheet temperature coefficient is within $\alpha = \pm 100 \frac{ppm}{K}$. | - For the other resistors, two components are chosen, that have an unknown temperature coefficient. According to the datasheet, the temperature coefficient is within $\alpha = \pm 100 ~\rm \frac{ppm}{K}$. |
| - The voltage source of the system generates a voltage of 5V with sufficient accuracy. | - The voltage source of the system generates a voltage of $5~V$ with sufficient accuracy. |
| - The determined voltage $\Delta U$ is amplified by a factor of 20 through another amplifier circuit, output as $U_{O}$, and further used by an analog-to-digital converter in a microcontroller [(Note3>In real systems, an analog-to-digital converter would most likely not be used because of its relatively large power consumption for IoT applications. For Atmel chips, this is a few $10\mu A$, which adds up to a rapid battery drain over time.)]. | - The determined voltage $\Delta U$ is amplified by a factor of 20 through another amplifier circuit, output as $U_{\rm O}$, and further used by an analog-to-digital converter in a microcontroller [(Note3>In real systems, an analog-to-digital converter would most likely not be used because of its relatively large power consumption for IoT applications. For Atmel chips, this is a few $10 ~\rm µA$, which adds up to a rapid battery drain over time.)]. |
| ~~PAGEBREAK~~~~CLEARFIX~~ | ~~PAGEBREAK~~~~CLEARFIX~~ |
| A short report is to be created; Tina TI is to be used as the analysis tool. | A short report is to be created; Tina TI is to be used as the analysis tool. |
| - Create a problem description.<WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> <WRAP pagebreak></WRAP> | - Create a problem description.<WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> <WRAP pagebreak></WRAP> |
| - Rebuild the circuit in TINA TI and add this <wrap noprint>in your description</wrap><wrap onlyprint>here</wrap>. Take the following hint into account. <panel type="info" title="Hint">Use a simple resistor for the PT1000 in the simulation. With Tina TI, 27°C (room temperature) is selected as the reference temperature for the temperature curve. For the PT1000, the reference temperature is often 0°C (in practical applications, this should be checked in the data sheet). With Tina TI, the reference temperature can be changed by entering the value 27 under ''Temperature [C]'' in the properties (double-click on Resistor).</panel><WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - Rebuild the circuit in TINA TI and add this <wrap noprint>in your description</wrap><wrap onlyprint>here</wrap>. Take the following hint into account. <panel type="info" title="Hint">Use a simple resistor for the PT1000 in the simulation. With Tina TI, $27~°C$ (room temperature) is selected as the reference temperature for the temperature curve. For the PT1000, the reference temperature is often $0~°C$ (in practical applications, this should be checked in the datasheet). With Tina TI, the reference temperature can be changed by entering the value 27 under ''Temperature [C]'' in the properties (double-click on Resistor).</panel><WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - From the data sheet linked above, determine in what range from $T_{min}$ to $T_{max}$ may be charged and what temperature $T_{lim}$ may not be exceeded in any of the states. <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - From the datasheet linked above, determine in what range from $T_{\rm min}$ to $T_{\rm max}$ may be charged and what temperature $T_{\rm lim}$ may not be exceeded in any of the states. <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - First, for temperature invariant $R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 1.0k \Omega$ and a temperature variable resistor $R_4$, determine the voltage change $\Delta U$ over the temperature of $-30...70°C$ in TINA TI. To do this, create a plot with $\Delta U$ as a function of temperature. \\ Read $\Delta U^0 (T_{min})$, $\Delta U^0 (T_{max})$, $\Delta U^0 (T_{lim})$, from the diagram and check the plausibility of the values by calculation. <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - First, for temperature invariant $R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 1.0 ~\rm k \Omega$ and a temperature variable resistor $R_4$, determine the voltage change $\Delta U$ over the temperature of $-30...70 ~°C$ in TINA TI. To do this, create a plot with $\Delta U$ as a function of temperature. \\ Read $\Delta U^0 (T_{\rm min})$, $\Delta U^0 (T_{\rm max})$, $\Delta U^0 (T_{\rm lim})$, from the diagram and check the plausibility of the values by calculation. <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - Determine $\Delta U$ when the temperature dependence of $R_1$, $R_2$ and $R_3$ is taken into account. To do this, create a suitable diagram with $\Delta U$ as a function of temperature in TINA TI. \\ At what voltages $U_O (T_{min})$, $U_O (T_{max})$ must the microcontroller intervene and disable charging? \\ At what value $U_A (T_{lim})$ must a warning be issued? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - Determine $\Delta U$ when the temperature dependence of $R_1$, $R_2$ and $R_3$ is taken into account. To do this, create a suitable diagram with $\Delta U$ as a function of temperature in TINA TI. \\ At what voltages $U_O (T_{\rm min})$, $U_O (T_{\rm max})$ must the microcontroller intervene and disable charging? \\ At what value $U_A (T_{\rm lim})$ must a warning be issued? <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
| - Discuss the results <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> | - Discuss the results. <WRAP onlyprint> \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ </WRAP> |
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| </WRAP></WRAP></panel> | </WRAP></WRAP></panel> |
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