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====== Experiment 6: Operational Amplifier II - Pulse Width Modulation ======
  * Circuits on the breadboard
  * Integrator
  * Non-inverting Schmitt trigger
  * Triangle–square-wave generator
  * Pulse-width modulation and control of a DC motor

<wrap #challenge-description>
{{page>.:6_opamps_2:Challenge_description&nofooter}}
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<wrap #nuggets>
  {{page>Rectangular-to-Triangle_Signal_Conversion_(Integrator)&nofooter}}
  {{page>Triangle-to-Rectangular_Conversion_(Schmitt_Trigger)&nofooter}}
  {{page>Combination_of_Integrator_and_Schmitt_Trigger_(Oscillator)&nofooter}}
  {{page>Duty_Cycle_Adjustment&nofooter}}
  {{page>LED_Brightness_Control_using_PWM&nofooter}}
</wrap>

===== Preparation =====

For this experiment, you should be able to apply and explain the following concepts:
  - "golden rules" for the negatively feedback, idealized operational amplifier
  - deviating properties of the real operational amplifier (e.g., output swing range, slew rate)
  - output-voltage waveform $U_A$ of the inverting integrator (inverting integrator) for different input voltages $U_E$, e.g.
    - DC voltage
    - square-wave voltage
    - arbitrary voltage waveform
  - integration time constant of the inverting integrator
  - Schmitt trigger
    - difference in feedback compared to the inverting integrator
    - idealized relationship between $U_E$ and $U_A$
    - idealized line diagram: $U_E$ and $U_A$ as a function of time
    - switching thresholds
    - threshold voltage
    - hysteresis
    - real behavior: output "in saturation"
  - structure of the triangle–square-wave generator