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electrical_engineering_and_electronics_1:block21 [2025/12/14 22:26] – mexleadminelectrical_engineering_and_electronics_1:block21 [2026/01/10 10:05] (current) – mexleadmin
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 ====== Block 21 — Op-Amp Basics ====== ====== Block 21 — Op-Amp Basics ======
  
-===== Learning objectives =====+===== 21.0 Intro ===== 
 + 
 +==== 21.0.1 Learning objectives ====
 <callout> <callout>
 After this 90-minute block, you can After this 90-minute block, you can
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 </callout> </callout>
  
-===== Preparation at Home =====+==== 21.0.2 Preparation at Home ====
  
 Well, again  Well, again 
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   * ...   * ...
  
-===== 90-minute plan =====+==== 21.0.3 90-minute plan ====
   - Warm-up (10 min):   - Warm-up (10 min):
     - Hook: audio amplifier clipping example (undistorted vs overdriven waveform/spectrum) → why “ideal amplification” is not automatic.     - Hook: audio amplifier clipping example (undistorted vs overdriven waveform/spectrum) → why “ideal amplification” is not automatic.
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     - Common pitfalls checklist (below).     - Common pitfalls checklist (below).
  
-===== Conceptual overview =====+==== 21.0.4 Conceptual overview ====
 <callout icon="fa fa-lightbulb-o" color="blue"> <callout icon="fa fa-lightbulb-o" color="blue">
   - Think of an op-amp as a **differential voltage sensor + powerful output stage**:   - Think of an op-amp as a **differential voltage sensor + powerful output stage**:
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 </callout> </callout>
  
-===== Core content =====+===== 21.1 Core content =====
  
 <WRAP>  <WRAP> 
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 <WRAP> <WRAP>
  
-==== Introductory example ====+==== 21.1.1 Introductory example ====
  
 Acoustic amplifiers, such as those found in mobile phones, laptops, or hi-fi systems, often exhibit an unpleasant characteristic when heavily amplified: the previously undistorted signal is no longer passed on as usual, but [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion#Definitions_and_examples|clatters]]. It is distorted in such a way that it no longer sounds pleasant. Acoustic amplifiers, such as those found in mobile phones, laptops, or hi-fi systems, often exhibit an unpleasant characteristic when heavily amplified: the previously undistorted signal is no longer passed on as usual, but [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion#Definitions_and_examples|clatters]]. It is distorted in such a way that it no longer sounds pleasant.
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-==== Circuit symbols and basic circuitry ====+==== 21.1.2 Circuit symbols and basic circuitry ====
  
 This chapter deals with operational amplifiers. One application for these are the measurement of voltages, currents, and resistances. \\ These values must be determined very precisely in some applications, for example for accurate temperature measurement. In this case, amplification of the measurement signals is useful and necessary. This chapter deals with operational amplifiers. One application for these are the measurement of voltages, currents, and resistances. \\ These values must be determined very precisely in some applications, for example for accurate temperature measurement. In this case, amplification of the measurement signals is useful and necessary.
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 ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~ ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~
-==== Basic Equation / Golden Rules ====+==== 21.1.3 Basic Equation / Golden Rules ====
  
 The operational amplifier is a voltage amplifier. It simply measures on one side the voltage (like a voltmeter) and provides an amplified voltage on its output (like a voltage source). \\  The operational amplifier is a voltage amplifier. It simply measures on one side the voltage (like a voltmeter) and provides an amplified voltage on its output (like a voltage source). \\ 
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 ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~ ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~
-==== Feedback ====+==== 21.1.4 Feedback ====
  
 One of the fundamental principles of control engineering, digital technology, and electronics is **feedback**. \\ One of the fundamental principles of control engineering, digital technology, and electronics is **feedback**. \\
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-===== Common pitfalls =====+===== 21.3 Common pitfalls =====
   * **Mixing up the inputs:** confusing the inverting input $U_{\rm m}$ (minus) with the non-inverting input $U_{\rm p}$ (plus). A wrong sign flips the whole behavior.   * **Mixing up the inputs:** confusing the inverting input $U_{\rm m}$ (minus) with the non-inverting input $U_{\rm p}$ (plus). A wrong sign flips the whole behavior.
   * **Wrong differential voltage:** forgetting that $U_{\rm D}$ = $U_{\rm p}$ - $U_{\rm m}$.   * **Wrong differential voltage:** forgetting that $U_{\rm D}$ = $U_{\rm p}$ - $U_{\rm m}$.
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-===== Learning Questions =====+===== 21.4 Learning Questions =====
  
   * Explain the difference between the unipolar and bipolar power supply of an opamp.   * Explain the difference between the unipolar and bipolar power supply of an opamp.
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   * What is the basic equation of the opamp?   * What is the basic equation of the opamp?
  
-===== Exercises =====+===== 21.5 Exercises =====
  
 <panel type="info" title="Exercise 1.3.2 Calculations for negative feedback"> <panel type="info" title="Exercise 1.3.2 Calculations for negative feedback">