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electrical_engineering_and_electronics_2:block12 [2026/05/18 03:21] – created mexleadminelectrical_engineering_and_electronics_2:block12 [2026/05/18 03:22] (current) – mexleadmin
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     * Calculate an LED series resistor.     * Calculate an LED series resistor.
     * Check Z-diode current limits.     * Check Z-diode current limits.
-    * Estimate short switching overvoltages in an inductive load.+    * Estimate switching overvoltages in an inductive load.
     * Calculate average rectifier voltages and smoothing capacitors.     * Calculate average rectifier voltages and smoothing capacitors.
  
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 It is useful for voltage limitation, small reference voltages, and robust simple circuits. It is useful for voltage limitation, small reference voltages, and robust simple circuits.
 </callout> </callout>
 +
 +<panel type="info" title="Simulation: Z-diode voltage reference">
 +Use this simulation to observe how a Z-diode limits the output voltage.
 +
 +Things to try:
 +
 +  * change the input voltage,
 +  * change the load resistance,
 +  * observe when the Z-diode current becomes too small for stabilization.
 +
 +{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-zenerref.html 700,500 noborder}}
 +</panel>
  
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 The basic principle remains the same: provide a controlled path for the inductive current. The basic principle remains the same: provide a controlled path for the inductive current.
 </callout> </callout>
 +
 +<panel type="info" title="Simulation: inductive kickback protection">
 +Use this simulation to observe the overvoltage when switching an inductive load, and how a diode limits it.
 +
 +Things to try:
 +
 +  * open and close the switch,
 +  * compare the circuit with and without the protection diode,
 +  * observe the voltage across the switch.
 +
 +{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-inductkick-block.html 700,500 noborder}}
 +</panel>
  
 ==== Clamp diodes for sensitive inputs ==== ==== Clamp diodes for sensitive inputs ====
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 Therefore the ripple is large and the transformer is used poorly. Therefore the ripple is large and the transformer is used poorly.
 </callout> </callout>
 +
 +<panel type="info" title="Simulation: half-wave rectifier">
 +Use this simulation to observe how one half-wave is removed by a diode.
 +
 +Things to try:
 +
 +  * reverse the diode direction,
 +  * change the load resistance,
 +  * compare input and output voltage.
 +
 +{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-rectify.html 700,500 noborder}}
 +</panel>
  
 ==== Center-tap rectifier M2 and bridge rectifier B2 ==== ==== Center-tap rectifier M2 and bridge rectifier B2 ====
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 | M2 center-tap | both half-waves | \(\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\pi}U_{1{\rm N}}\) | \(2f\) | | M2 center-tap | both half-waves | \(\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\pi}U_{1{\rm N}}\) | \(2f\) |
 | B2 bridge | both half-waves | \(\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\pi}U_\sim\) | \(2f\) | | B2 bridge | both half-waves | \(\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\pi}U_\sim\) | \(2f\) |
 +
 +<panel type="info" title="Simulation: bridge rectifier">
 +Use this simulation to compare half-wave and full-wave rectification.
 +
 +Things to try:
 +
 +  * observe which two diodes conduct in each half-wave,
 +  * compare input and output voltage,
 +  * add or remove smoothing if available in the simulation.
 +
 +{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-fullrect.html 700,500 noborder}}
 +</panel>
  
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 ===== Embedded resources ===== ===== Embedded resources =====
  
-<WRAP group> +<callout> 
-<WRAP column half> +The Falstad simulations are embedded directly in the relevant chapters above. 
-<panel type="info" title="Falstad: Half-wave rectifier"> +</callout>
-Use this simulation to observe how one half-wave is removed by a diode. +
- +
-{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-rectify.html 700,500 noborder}} +
-</panel> +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-<WRAP column half> +
-<panel type="info" title="Falstad: Bridge rectifier"> +
-Use this simulation to compare half-wave and full-wave rectification. +
- +
-{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-fullrect.html 700,500 noborder}} +
-</panel> +
-</WRAP> +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-<WRAP group> +
-<WRAP column half> +
-<panel type="info" title="Falstad: Inductive kickback protection"> +
-Use this simulation to observe the overvoltage when switching an inductive load, and how a diode limits it. +
- +
-{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-inductkick-block.html 700,500 noborder}} +
-</panel> +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-<WRAP column half> +
-<panel type="info" title="Falstad: Z-diode voltage reference"> +
-Use this simulation to observe how a Z-diode limits the output voltage. +
- +
-{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-zenerref.html 700,500 noborder}} +
-</panel> +
-</WRAP> +
-</WRAP>+
  
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