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--- introduction_to_digital_systems:realization_of_comb._logic [2021/10/18 15:18]
tfischer
+++ introduction_to_digital_systems:realization_of_comb._logic [2022/06/28 02:00]
tfischer
@@ Zeile 88: / Zeile 88: @@
 ===== 4.2.1 Programmable Logic Elements =====
-PLEs have fixed AND array logic in stage 1. This is often used in memory chips.
+PLEs have fixed AND array logic in stage 1. This is often used in memory chips. \\
+The AND array logic for memory chips represents a list of increasing digital values (see left stage in <imgref pic08>).
+In the picture the first 6 rpime numbers are stored in a 4-bit addressed 4-bit memory.
+The input value ''0100'' activates only one AND-gate, which enables one column of the OR array logic to be output.
 <WRAP center>
@@ Zeile 95: / Zeile 98: @@
 {{drawio>ple}}
 </WRAP>
+In <imgref pic10> the simulation shows a PLE. in the top left corner the address is shown in decimal. The logic enables only the address ''0'' up to ''8'' to have an output. The address increases and therefore step by step the information - given by the right-side array - is read. On the bottom right corner the memory of the address is shown in decimal. By clicking on the switches of the right-side, second stage one can also reprogram the stored information.
+<wrap #SimulationPLE />
+<WRAP><well>
+<imgcaption pic10|Simulation of a PLE></imgcaption> \\
+{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?hideSidebar=true&ctz=CQAgzCAMB0l5BOJyWoVWAOAjNhYA2MAFgOwFZIjzsRK6RiJyBTAWlwCgLI6CRsAJl6ZeQsYyh1u5QSGG9ymYvLggy-WukWcAkiEwD+h4rzPRy0gO4g2glYcdRONp4ez9ILg2OFH3fl42bADscoahch7OwdiQDrZhBs76kUaJcqZSMJbkeraCYFH8dkWMZhi53nYECTUOhkEFtcml4TEFZRGFxR1t5Z1R8X0UQypZcSpNHLIDM2MjsxGj6dPYyq0rjdXrdbsG26kr0fMD5lXBSZOM7sNrw8vD19NJWWnP1fatX5jbrgO3KbeciaB4CO7AzRCG4CaFNYjuaEI8FAmwTYYTQR-AZCQwggRYjr47CEcBRUlNMok-hUiE2WkqfofGzCPEhfisugbJp4ORKFS8vjYhTqaIiohyLwAWVUvAlsvUyLkggsnAAHgUmODuoJaLhaA5eNB1bYPBA4stiHrcJJRCBjRq2JhzZAQrYyLDeIb7Sa2C73Oh9bajSb1oGvrq9YI3d7jcI3RwwRxoU7JAANbCceOmjbLBByVMqNOCLOuzWtMqFkBprzZ+rfJJVtNgbzYdnqMrispeDXkBCWK1yAhURgUSRZB2i-iD9TR0cDgaT8ghAfQpTTsfjEO98jjNcEVcLicmvvKxDqSAQXWZRcmshX88ECNI2+9pLCdBKK8v4872gfvhlR-EN-mudxZmmH5ugFCDqiuYZ3lg2IngQ64VjWXNlg2dCdlma5Thw4JBBaX5mhgyVOAAZ38AleBFakpFoAAzABDAAbSiWE+BlbDAaFmUGARZj9fikLIoSC2IlQRQw8ic2ktRILkuwFLMbxwPaGTQ1IoRLF1XwTB8H1HTASwKBKEkhPQWNfWdITLDYD0KEMu1Jw4IghIsq0rODYzNXNfE7F1HybPpKJhJ6CSOipDYqTE4lYqiblvAmdtiXbeExFmVLPBS9xhxhQi+CML18rUmxiQiuSXnCzINMWWqcTEpkEMioq7Q8fKuucHhis6oz+oNBg8l6-FdWMOjoiGnRXEmzQCEMca+jaiLO0U3Czy9Oj1uQ1SYS0iqOTURaduKzklUgbELpME7yoGEUskEL5MvkL4xueyF5DKTtu28H65DWu7AcErTHXsB9GSe-8yxsx0zVURlsG87NYdNMdhAgNh8FUacjLciGBHQFG8e09wQm-MR21C5IRUW5ElIVFT5HpuDNoyZnsUTPauY5kYNhFDh+ZZ2JZgFlZ7E5yKBal4XxOlloJeW4GRLZtY8OE8XTp5lYeYO9mdffdbRo5Ei6JaabrCMqSaOttXlWRR7Zd1h26exMbkSZxWmjG-ElXxeFFt912Okdkw6KSF7oz5DkI8+rFeE7O1KWVO1O1ltPugz5wwa1QQIuCvOF1c314bzgskf-cgi+3NG9OE7HC98-G6-Lq8q6b0nXv-OJXvGEmiKzlXecg77iEZPiAbH7OBFIvi3X0skvRJkzLBIZYIFMobi8dWKPafcAaA7uH+3AD22w3w-UZUjePahg+t5AslT8h0fUSfsB21fokaU-gGMpShOC1iqECugnKeWQQEh0MKZOqz9v4H1gTA+BJBIYqBQX0JI6DkToNknAiBU8mipwKv1QgaljbgAKkQiQUxLZpEVnQhAuVdq811owhqLDxZsJHsqNhQ9BBcM+ArXh1scHcR4SUSKoiRbiNNLMKR8l5C8P2PI1hFlhgqPfLwzBBDPjSWEWgnR-x+HGDgT2Gei0CBEx7lHI+vFwBqDwPYiAV87L8PQI5WgYBIA3m3qaE+XjeAcHJk42x197GBLvl45x-cn7GJBgIsKZJoEyO9jSQk31CQvSKIoNJd1HpsIgYEPK9jxiLQScAjE0C6RnTYWUph7M4lKnKYLPR046LNJlpnFJ6kE78SARPHq9B8QDNTvxSQM0abIjqctaSt9Wl81mVheZkEFa3yEfU+s6DNn5gWXAlp4AdkMy2V8MAhz1JwOgWc8hphHBbXcOMy2dobk0WedwvZkizmxFijsiBnzTTqJ+Zciih0DntFOcC4qphSrlDyWHaF4KQ4Jx+V6aIL0rT8F9qiz6xATmZA+oknFaCAZ-O+js-oCKzFhNORI4KpzrLLz8avJRwS6WhNwEyhy2NTkuRrn6A5mh0CstRusaBB55A90gdTIFyQx53SZgipmsqMHEoLK8LI9w0FkuuEq3BCr9g6o2qC2RmR1ViKNf0A1REWgKutpawSCqBkUsNVslYTrmEuoBRCtIWzMFXKGdOfETziQPLyLNRgxIgHEH9jsDYSqsh2p5nGkwpqQVKsVSmyFLtGCywdlmu18b41ehaGilovti3YswZkWOBLK3ZqBiaiJZQDU52cVPIKBpiAxgZRwE+Y9EbBLHl23xfoBxtssoO2xIrRwU1HLjYuA8G28SRBmtI5BSSruSswtdaiVD8nYdu41XIgQajDLOSatAnzROHcwHSn4EAPz8smXImAEzYz7EvYd8MlCWloH2B9blwZch1L++9HcF10HXZFPdbyERdIg7lE9pFKBWMUC+edyQD14k3eWA9TNoMxt3eu-Y+GrWEYkaW7DFrSJD1g8tFotH6wHrtjcZYswmMEZYwo9jzCGPXG4+zBjSR+PpoiWRjoN0nDscQyYD0C9SB92vYwHZjjiC9u7XZVTtAPFKYU7y+Gqny7eVU9XR90YBxkrzs4tT6Gm3UdtaRZOdA-C2bdhi5zfIilolQ9HOgcIAGcayDQCFDsCkSfgap6cJhylBycLRjV5rtUOdZgFsLzG00rDi4a2j8akvgbTZFTLYbKACiAcVwZOS6APEUE8ENgjSndHoyu-V1H9UrteNRtVd0wvJruiKZcR02T1L60AwUIJhRqBBHNPgvXoiTfFRi5K1F+plb64EKQrEOJcSW5GsaahO2SnW+xTiVEXmXQVIS7IIANvHe29A6EIoiiNEO5tk7JCCoPYys9m7NsFZqHjoxK7R2ts2zFH97sAhAcvduzbBx3IIfXa4iyCbeENhVwhcRlHu7sN9ank9Xdhje50Fx29bHE3SRtgxRSVsaVydpVJ4oQkUHMneCZ4tMoJGFSyDEKVzzNEud8-p4wQ2DPxtegjGTobE3cdqA-pLhOjPkcQpFP94bvWwdszGx0ei-MJv-yR2IUkfXBcMRFNW+QOlDekTN1idwlusNvxtzPaSSG9fm7ZynPEQCmiO5V0hgq3vZ6M6Q2JR3u5nfQNd47i7oeqcslIvtt3TnhT4n53nBbDukN+DT05+tIvF5Hq15n5JefvelsNxRjPeJy9icpGuKeAyOeh-r3Xh3QnRZCex8H5UbeKLUWz-1R3+wJAI5O9npaPvwe8BH33saCtSL-YqNP+Qwz3uz0+1PoHo-hn3cD095im+Z9tMWvH56X3gfZ6jRyePEd4cH+Xxi4Yoe1sb5e-SYYc2vFY8r9NkpP+A+e+PxyWFBdw5DYX6w6GW0fxTwhA1GjGnFkwQBk10z8jgMqyJkQN8x8RrmjDdCfHaXQEvVsVQKtCvAwPRTAxeR9gDQQ3kE-jFX4VFR5R9BsH6meQvzOx5H6Xu23wolgPbGInQMWleBiTezohXzUj4JpDbEUWLyIP4ILgwLxwoIHwVln2PVoM0GCQYIECphEKAXHzGixRYJG30IjW2EkIJD0gwNxA7kP1okTwYmH03xZBaHlEd3lFrDLGtjcPxFqEMgAE0Sw+C3QhA9Fwwh0QwZR3DE5DA-D5B5BVQ49YixRSIPCWc7Q91-tNdvcwD+CwDsNBos9iQilxYkN+ZUipoQBtBpAMsK9GBXDKjPxLZ0FxBGAqRecE9wDOjsNL8C9ejsiUoGj4CVA0iZR5MOxMhXClQEi8gNQo1zQvhO0zI5xqYlV5Rxi0jqImAog-BxjHDb8Xs5i8I84hcBRCRqYWjI0qQvc-pcdohtj5tp4o0ogB0QgBRdCbNcd6NOxy0jjlRgpO1pJFiGVnjwBpDAT88Lj68CoHjSEnjRZLFTjaCsDmC4EBlYS-N6RwEzsHjXkTRQTCABw3iKEmDjQsTxhfYm1o0-jp0kTyDUZ5iz0hdLBCCGS2NzwISgtbFQTSADRiTxioTd0MR2dqlxiuihNXcxSdsMUbi0RS0YSMj-c8oclSpFBFs2i+QMRS01t98ocNTw1hihcDtdTvtcScT6NT8X9TTvokRrVMkz8TtYSYTrV19IdrTlR6M58KgrTgcHilpxjIpF878HjWDzY4cfTBjd1spkQ0cQ4Yzoz7cQ5S1wEkMCdaMw9OMOcxTSQlV+NcyczAsejtSos3MrowDzj8i34xTdj2cOjayvR2cizxhXhiykzxhFiy96kxTwEXSuy7SkC6AxIAynl5S8kFYm15SrowzxhS1JTzYcy6j4R5zDSzdZcBBSQ1zVz2wGI1yOc1zlE0pXc1zJE0pZTwB+DU5TygZf4I8MUxJdz69P4jyqYTkad6k1yE9dzmdySc84E9y0pnMp5+dMo8Rzizt-zSzyhQLsQkED1YLsNdyNy2NY8YUictw1S34Hz0K0LooCpYy4SILByAY8LYJqJLjbyndLsl90ElpjzwcTTgcaLezzdvS3TGLoSE4nzPADjvt0FHUbyqK78sEzsPzLS2KTssFhkqYb8GKJKgL1EAKKhZL6QdkP9VKEKryjU5tKRTzGChRopDyaRUdI9oCDEhT1DCAZzPFMBDTUZLK0DwAbLMDbFCSmSwAX1Zwr0a57KSDHKNw51H4L9hlwFqSKE0ExV3KaRI0Yl2DoFsTk8pDJ40E-MNR7KBC-LkSKDs84S+KlTUrrVpDIrISGU0raUnKlDqYx9rUviLLzYWUnKKcsrDCaQ7ihszC4F+ozF7LdIMqbCbIyKp5Wj9yKQHT6RZh5Q1y0jswkEJqp44iVB-DMx8rli0EPKhAIifQZRJrvp2w4jlREjzz+ANBDqJjcLEzIEBj6RjKjKv8tdiiwEziyE5E6c0FdrGjhpSwQjdrrjYiHYQB-CWwUYsh1iyh5r-r4QRTd0-AysIbMgU9djo00Qm1wLdiOCUobSPNelgtvo8LnMlSkaPSoazYqzOxZss8jD9Tls-BOr0adiGdfAJDTQnpRQHIgwyBDJfwFEyBWbgl2bxw9NmaiAtM2aSB+bH19ghbTRebRatxxbMAWSPIgkRiCBcZOaOBCh1BFbcAhwVaxa3J1gWTO0paRj6BZb9aNbagExtb1BTbbwAAlZIJwJmf8K2CwGY8AaACuU8A8UyTABAEIbGHITgB2tICIRsL4F2x6N2lUVeT2q0b2tdJQf2wO1UEOyKODZ2+I6xaOt2sAOOigfMH2pOgOiAIOkOrYQ9TOs8d2mOj2r2wuxOv2kuyoTgK0T8NjQkOI2QJ7YgT6oipPHCjMhawGssWMubDMro-6ksbMMe1SuanE-6zMGe8at6Oa+NcGvutgC7RsB4+PasTwhMC7N4B432asJessLen4WwP0vuYsTei7JmLeysQyZsVuxxS+1BXiQkJmL0fExGc0E4HuWZEAXQAAOQAAUABVAAFRNA-htvNFMhttxi+AAHkYGoHYG4Z7i20EBxgjabIgA noborder}}
+</well></WRAP>
+There are different types of memory available. The <imgref pic09> shows an overview separated by the different physically concepts of writing and clearing the information.
+A good practical example for an application are key cards or canteen cards (like your mensa card). There a small Operating system is stored in a ROM. They also use a one time programmable (OTP) PROM in order to secure the internal cryptographic secret. In a Flash-ROM the user can write additional reprogrmmable data.
 <WRAP center>
@@ Zeile 101: / Zeile 116: @@
 {{drawio>memorytypes}}
 </WRAP>
+===== 4.2.2 Programmable Logic Arrays and Programmable Logic Elements =====
+PLA were often used as glue logic, but are nowaday rarely in use. <imgref pic11> shows the principal setup.
+Based on PLAs - and in in special on PLEs - more complex logic devices are developed.
 <WRAP><well>
-<imgcaption pic0y|Simulation of a PLE></imgcaption> \\
+<imgcaption pic11|Simulation of a PAL></imgcaption> \\
-{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?hideSidebar=true&ctz=CQAgzCAMB0l5BOJyWoVWAOAjNhYA2MAFgOwFZIjzsRK6RiJyBTAWlwCgLI6CRsAJl6ZeQsYyh1u5QSGG9ymYvLggy-WukWcAkiEwD+h4rzPRy0gO4g2glYcdRONp4ez9ILg2OFH3fl42bADscoahch7OwdiQDrZhBs76kUaJcqZSMJbkeraCYFH8dkWMZhi53nYECTUOhkEFtcml4TEFZRGFxR1t5Z1R8X0UQypZcSpNHLIDM2MjsxGj6dPYyq0rjdXrdbsG26kr0fMD5lXBSZOM7sNrw8vD19NJWWnP1fatX5jbrgO3KbeciaB4CO7AzRCG4CaFNYjuaEI8FAmwTYYTQR-AZCQwggRYjr47CEcBRUlNMok-hUiE2WkqfofGzCPEhfisugbJp4ORKFS8vjYhTqaIiohyLwAWVUvAlsvUyLkggsnAAHgUmODuoJaLhaA5eNB1bYPBA4stiHrcJJRCBjRq2JhzZAQrYyLDeIb7Sa2C73Oh9bajSb1oGvrq9YI3d7jcI3RwwRxoU7JAANbCceOmjbLBByVMqNOCLOuzWtMqFkBprzZ+rfJJVtNgbzYdnqMrispeDXkBCWK1yAhURgUSRZB2i-iD9TR0cDgaT8ghAfQpTTsfjEO98jjNcEVcLicmvvKxDqSAQXWZRcmshX88ECNI2+9pLCdBKK8v4872gfvhlR-EN-mudxZmmH5ugFCDqiuYZ3lg2IngQ64VjWXNlg2dCdlma5Thw4JBBaX5mhgyVOAAZ38AleBFakpFoAAzABDAAbSiWE+BlbDAaFmUGARZj9fikLIoSC2IlQRQw8ic2ktRILkuwFLMbxwPaGTQ1IoRLF1XwTB8H1HTASwKBKEkhPQWNfWdITLDYD0KEMu1Jw4IghIsq0rODYzNXNfE7F1HybPpKJhJ6CSOipDYqTE4lYqiblvAmdtiXbeExFmVLPBS9xhxhQi+CML18rUmxiQiuSXnCzINMWWqcTEpkEMioq7Q8fKuucHhis6oz+oNKQ8l6-FdWMOjoiGnRXEmzQCEMca+jaiLO0U3Czy9Oj1uQ1SYS0iqOTURaduKzklUgbELpME7yoGEUskEL5MvkL4xueyF5DKTtu28H65DWu7AcErTHXsB9GSe-8yxsx0zVURlsG87NYdNMdhAgNh8FUacjLciGBHQFG8e09wQm-MR21C5IRUW5ElIVFT5HpuDNoyZnsUTPauY5kYNhFDh+ZZ2JZgFlZ7E5yKBal4XxOlloJeW4GRLZtY8OE8XTp5lYeYO9mdffdbRo5Ei6JaabrCMqSaOttXlWRR7Zd1h26exMbkSZxWmjG-ElXxeFFt912Okdkw6KSF7oz5DkI8+rFeE7O1KWVO1O1ltPugz5wwa1QQIuCvOF1c314bzgskf-cgi+3NG9OE7HC98-G6-Lq8q6b0nXv-OJXvGEmiKzlXecg77iEZPiAbH7OBFIvi3X0skvRJkzLBIZYIFMobi8dWKPafcAaA7uH+3AD22w3w-UZUjePahg+t5AslT8h0fUSfsB21fokaU-gGMpShOC1iqECugnKeWQQEh0MKZOqz9v4H1gTA+BJBIYqBQX0JI6DkToNknAiBU8mipwKv1QgaljbgAKkQiQUxLZpEVnQhAuVdq811owhqLDxZsJHsqNhQ9BBcM+ArXh1scHcR4SUSKoiRbiNNLMKR8l5C8P2PI1hFlhgqPfLwzBBDPjSWEWgnR-x+HGDgT2Gei0CBEx7lHI+vFwBqDwPYiAV87L8PQI5WgYBIA3m3qaE+XjeAcHJk42x197GBLvl45x-cn7GJBgIsKZJoEyO9jSQk31CQvSKIoNJd1HpsIgYEPK9jxiLQScAjE0C6RnTYWUph7M4lKnKYLPR046LNJlpnFJ6kE78SARPHq9B8QDNTvxSQM0abIjqctaSt9Wl81mVheZkEFa3yEfU+s6DNn5gWXAlp4AdkMy2V8MAhz1JwOgWc8hphHBbXcOMy2dobk0WedwvZkizmxFijsiBnzTTqJ+Zciih0DntFOcC4qphSrlDyWHaF4KQ4Jx+V6aIL0rT8F9qiz6xATmZA+oknFaCAZ-O+js-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-AnT04TDlKDk4FjGrzXavc6zcLsWuNppWKlw1LH42Zbg2myKBWw2UAFEAqrgycl0AeIoJ4IbBGlO6Gx7d+qmP6u3a8Jjaq7qxeTXdEUy4jpsnqaNoBgoQTCjUCCOafARvRAW+KjFyVqL9Vq6NwIUhWIcS4ptyNY01CdslHt9inEqIvMugqQl2QQD7au0d6B0IRRFEaBdg712SEFXexlL7z2bYKzUPHRij3LuHZtmKUH3YBAQ++y9m2DjuTw6e1xFk828IbCrhCqj2OT1EdG1PJ6J7DG9zoCTt6RP5ukjbBiikrY0p07SjTxQhJEOZO8JzxaZRqMKlkGIGrAWaKC9F2zxght2dza9BGWnk35sk7UB-BXCcOdY4hSKMHU2Ruw7ZrNjo9F+bzf-pjsQpJRsS4YiKat8gdIW9IrbrE7gHeEbfs7me0lMOm7t7zlOeIgFNA99rzDBUg+zw55hsSHvdxe+gT7j392Y+M5ZKRM7vvPPCnxGLvO633eYb8Lnzz9bpeL0vYbgvyTS9B9LRb+j+e8R19k5SNcU8Bn85j231v7vJOi0k0TqPype8UWokX-qHv9gSHR9dovS1g9w94NP0fY0FakTBxUJf8hhl-dngDxfkOZ-DLexHz7zED-L7aYtNPz1AdQ6L1GjkaeI5o-P1vjFwwY+7f399+kwxVteMJwbyWxKWAPDwDyvxyWFG9w5DYTGw6C2w-2zwhA1GjGnBUwQGUxMz8lQIayJgwJCx8RrmjDdCfHaXQAfVsRwKtCvHwPRVgxeR9gDXQ3kE-jFX4VFR5R9BsH6meXv1ux5H6TeyPwohQPbGIjwMWleBiV+zom3zUlEJpDbEUSr0oLEILnwNJ3oPHwVhXyvRYM0GCXYIECpmkKATnzGixW4OmzMIjW2AUIJD0nwNxA7gv1ogzwYinwPxZBaHlA93lFrDLGtl8PxFqEMgAE0SxRC3QhA9Fwx50fQZQ-DE5DBQj5B5BVRU8UixRSJ-Duc7RT0wcDcg9YCxDYCiNBpC9iQilxZMN+YcipoQBtBpB8t69GAfCGimjQ04FxBGAqQRd084CBiiMH9y8RiiiUp2i0CVBciZQ1MOxMgfClR0i8gNQo1zQvhO0zI5xqYlV5Q5jcjqImAog-A5iPCX9vtVi8I85JcBRCRqZ0EeCqRA8-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-89L0LHyjVVtKQbyOChRooLyaQccE8kCDFJS9DCBlzPFMALTUYnLcDwBXKCDbEKTOSwBv1ZxH0a4PLqCvKNxV1H579hlwEmSKE0ExUAqaRI0Yk+DoEZLDdhDcTQsNQPLxDwqsT6Ci9BKkT5D4rYS3QkqESGU8raVvLNDqZZ9rUuLp4PLz4Cr6ciqLCaRXjJtbDujnjcrzZriqrnCbJFK3CzyKR3T6RZh5RdzcjswkF5qp5UiVAwjMwhqti0FAqhB4jjQZQFrvp2xUjlQMi7z+ANALr5iSKMzIFxj6QbLrLADMrNAILbiyE5FWduLLqOjhpSxoiTqniUiHYQAwiWwUYsg9iyg1qwb4RpST0-Bat4bMhs8Tjo00Qm04KTj+CUpnT-NekotvpSKvNNTMb-TEazZGzOwVtC9LCzSts-B+oUa3CxcejKUhAhwxxkx711hxxTMNgyAHJ2qyBDJfxTQnoOxDMgwiA+5xb9kiBpbglZb+aP11huSPIglpiCBcZ5ahAIAdbMZcAhwdbVa3J1bFQEw2xpj6Atw1bChLa0YhxbbbwAAlZIJwJmf8K2CwZY8AaACuU8A8UyTABAEIbGHITgd2tICIRsL4b2x6X2lUVeAOq0IO3dJQMOiO1UaOyKVDL2tI6xJO32sAVOigfMYOzO8OiASO6OrYC9Aus8P25O-2wOiujO0O6uyoTgK0T8XjQkVI2QT7YgAGyizPYi-M9aiGssFM1bfMwYsGksbMWevS1a4ksGzMZeuat6Va+NOG0etge7Rsd4tPasAIhMe7N4d432asTessQ+n4WwUMvuYsA++7JmQ+ysQyZsHuxxB+1BXiQkJmL0Mk2dWENRSQL4XQAAOQAAUABVAAFV9C1D4gkU8W0xqpIN3T3O5Jvq+AAHkkGEHkGgA noborder}}
+{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?hideSidebar=true&ctz=CQAgzCAMB0lwrFWAOZAmALATgGxcmvMhvFvIvJCIhhPAKYC0AjMwFDOXU4jNpXIqfIdSjUO8NCH5V4OZNLggcS5uDHw2ASRALmPBRirHoFNgBldVhYwVSqAMwCGAGwDO9UZDYB3EI0xrK28-BTDeHhDdIX5FGONfOOpJJOEoRJleWMzUdL9M5iwpTLkFKJKVJLQcDDz-AHYpG0aIupZIWuam9MtGFq7-O14QZ3dPRG8dPql9BqkjMRgzKbQwGZ4AtZAFkzNe1e7NqVtpMVGPL0SAmqtrzrKr6s7-A+DHrZtX2aij7apf3LeSysJpCPjKWozEauC4TK76PQdP68JE-Tjzf7o3QPPwsFI2LHfeHEW5YnH+ZgkglUh69MkUlInKHncbpKaEjZYnZIMy43LMJEYRG1bwAZReQpRtQCksBZxhnioYDY4pY8ilFPVcqkLLEytxmDC-0N2LaCOimrC5NsRsGVvSqv5SJtppEuqV8KRBK91paC2mrqutpOgJVgw1IbKw3d4EezxlgdCyPtUTkEeFdTTIO2enBUUl2YLqMSCwFtVLsXz8W4WQSfizaAUWz45ObjfAM2LfmbzpNZfS-HqEuDmCoN1q7EHlotarH5d4bCnLsEgzn2wXS9ta4ni8gQ5OWKEYB4O83ekZK+Yx-Xk7306xs9419Pd5l5+Oo6fJ4X3Zm9Q2fb-nUWyZM2QGpjwoHFEoVa8EUNaFPYJZCEBpbwfmegkgW4GJFmWGYSKuE8MwQEHjhSa5HolQ-IEuQJvoCSOrwpFUcYpwxvq4YPqxbT9AMDFmj6FJIgJYp2sxGz8tR8pjHqQbvuJonwuqD7mkpBoFoyfbUWGap6KRanSTqCpyaqgEAQW0lqBx8kSTmdlojSFIkupDJNASKSuXpdmluRLwfJ8zY6QaNx0U8ER1haiGpOhEiyMR8GXvBagTOInDxdIoVUOFKUaIkK7hZk4U0TcAl3NIWw0UFxogZVyl2JKCwmminmVHixR1bilITm13UVUhfINYYQ0OsO0iSm+-WLNCskeqq5omt5rxsTZGl2IEk3LfV0gbQtnXiWgG25FtjojS6y3sSZHpdSJvVIltuItGVLQPeGh3SnYdVMYtn32DJFzXRKEVA69PG-ZmkETSNEHSGmkqEJEJZ2HD0PIeNhjZTcsHhWmxVEdILQgS0URE1IIGSiTxQTSazW7vuNMbZ+-CGBur4LbtlTMzedMHUd2WQCzt77utIqKILPMnCQkTbAsL7C4Yaa2FQGCy6z+7mlLmrK6rQtjZrMra8rP4djmxqNSulPUEiWxCpFaaULUWwO3Usu4DW2CI34ssrq7nv2UKw2mxDOaBwHwe2+GEdRE2iXbFjcbgPBCYYPHTER5LWPRldsZ8tsiuGPHj1k0nfqF8JjtJ-2KeEadQcutX02reJ+u5A3aLqvrGtl5N+smm3ukayu3lt-9iqxmZ5tmwXovWdnnH1z7w2RSwJJgJXWHd1ia-HFym8dz7ysW+8xcfjb3fhdvLzjmXPtu2gfpu946Xu27t-EaIZjP3DtHK4EuWyPlX+kI-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-cQbheDgjJApFaCpEjZkJOCI+U5syXliOOY2WZnx6ExQWOVvBmUWOVe5NVLsRamnepqsW9kdUwy5vDQJfhsw6uFcy7lZraJaoFWMNgVrwQVIMHYR+o8hVOrdta1xNZGyH2kEfVVfr9WPyRjkl14b0iOrJk5VJdqPAepjROT1syeAxIWeqCZ6b5E+oWbGkk3ho15wjZreN9BE3Fp5Um8O3sZaRUarW0tYbNatzTIWqt1B2y5EkFGdR9rTXgh7R2ptbjqDgklPAPMYbJ3zAUEOiZQ7u3tnKEoOQ-M53BT1WurdmahXwVKHBKQ5AhnRWPUkM95QbhnvvkelVmVagHpxne4N26X27vyC0V9K5t3lE-ZzB+fsb3bG2X+8kQHr1MqQvi0DBMpAqBEHQcQH6yYpCA6GfISh4NJBwOY2DyglBAZw4jAAsth2YmQcAgWkKYNgpHCPkZaJR4o1HNAAA8r5CBIasXMahOhUGgGwdjK9OMeR4+uFcAmhNYCwCiZoQ5WC8YtJJikMmBRNh5YpiTgnnK8B9rpiAfGQDKcYFgTC-wgKUgM0p7TLB6iqaHpweTyArNaaE4QezNUnMuf4zZ9zsNT5DkIDQazQmSIycIDveAgXyDiZ81J5GxwgJBdi0ZmzlJ-PrmS4Z4z1QlT+m45M7zqXQsrkWZiIghWUvGek5M8zQ5FlFeM4UWr6gGtVd8zh7YNS15deC655yvGymcBkxgTg7XQtKFG4lyxfW4svGVk63r42XikBzNKVYQ4hSbZCxSOza2GSbeQNt-rJnhrSlQkd5bK99vlku9l7TlJVPbNYFkY7c3HtwUgi9woI2dsfeqHYF799NNzdy1bbK6AraNe02DpxdhIe0BB8VzKYzIKQ76b9rTIVyw3HKvAMlrwG6-Hx37dqccOH9LJX1InfUSeCRxxwpEdOfil3O0egnDOgbM-yuTqw3OIlegpD89cAANDJfUCRJxZiLtAQT4zXOl94Jc4VPgtEliAEXypxVASIxEBQTH1wAE1dYml15+A3tRDdRBIjwM3mHcOm4Y3Bokbn+k4A-KN7gwWFg5f6UPTAKVnPrh975lIuuZRqBw79kPruj2mYlJHyAimY+7dkDVvEMmVDzGRE1+oY4SIMkz7Ecsc3bOyGQGoDP1AsI57S3n7gEAq9yG-Cnvo3Bs9yG96XocRAjZECs63ocuvahR+D936g8eR9J7H8j2wMnSDNH19Pkvs-kCZ9mH0fXzWV-GbX9X8zc6g875s3vuQ02vcz+U2sI99RHYjOoPUbbKe2tRcdvAB9j-L-adSa-xOFBP-H7sbHh0C37gCgFRZP5zZ9KGCBDHgjb3xf5AF7ZOIVy-yQHI4jIwGOzYDAboFX4F4oEdgwF4Hf4xaHRqDHiQSBCAFgFUEUGXY6o0EjKIDkGTJUHzjP7MCQhoAUGEA7QcFzbu4T4yb1AQBZ6IHKDO5DiiGSFGwp5CFEBqAyFEACHI4KGUYgDKE4At4+YABGLw3aVBygYACQ+hnAI+Bmq6fB3g7G4yWQjsmWtQWgAAcgAAoACqAAKt-pAIgBbpAGIX0o4SAAAPJeEeHeFAA noborder}}
 </well></WRAP>
+Nowadays High Capacity Programmable Logic Devices are in use:
+  * These are either **Complex Programmable Logic Devices** (CPLD), which have multiple sum of products or products of sum stages, with small storages in between.
+  * There are also **Field-Programmable Gate Arrays** (FPGA). These have a huge number (>100'000) of simple functional blocks. One functional block contains the logic gate circuit and storage elements. Between the blocks are broad binary busses. The logic circuits, storage elements and bus allocation can be changed by reconfiguration. In <imgref pic12> the logic gate circuit is represented by a truth table. The storage element called flipflop will be investigated in the naex chapter.
-===== 4.2.2 Programmable Logic Arrays =====
+FPGAs can be used in order to test new microcontroller and microchips. For this the FPGA is configurated in such a way, that it resembles the new chip.
+<WRAP center>
+<imgcaption pic12| CPLD>
+</imgcaption>
+{{drawio>cpld}}
+</WRAP>
-PLEA were often used as glue logic, but are re
+<WRAP>
+A deeper explanation of the FPGA can be found here:
+{{youtube>lLg1AgA2Xoo}}
+</WRAP>
-<WRAP><well>
-<imgcaption pic0x|Simulation of a PAL></imgcaption> \\
-{{url>https://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?hideSidebar=true&ctz=CQAgzCAMB0lwrFWAOZAmALATgGxcmvMhvFvIvJCIhhPAKYC0AjMwFDOXU4jNpXIqfIdSjUO8NCH5V4OZNLggcS5uDHw2ASRALmPBRirHoFNgBldVhYwVSqAMwCGAGwDO9UZDYB3EI0xrK28-BTDeHhDdIX5FGONfOOpJJOEoRJleWMzUdL9M5iwpTLkFKJKVJLQcDDz-AHYpG0aIupZIWuam9MtGFq7-O14QZ3dPRG8dPql9BqkjMRgzKbQwGZ4AtZAFkzNe1e7NqVtpMVGPL0SAmqtrzrKr6s7-A+DHrZtX2aij7apf3LeSysJpCPjKWozEauC4TK76PQdP68JE-Tjzf7o3QPPwsFI2LHfeHEW5YnH+ZgkglUh69MkUlInKHncbpKaEjZYnZIMy43LMJEYRG1bwAZReQpRtQCksBZxhnioYDY4pY8ilFPVcqkLLEytxmDC-0N2LaCOimrC5NsRsGVvSqv5SJtppEuqV8KRBK91paC2mrqutpOgJVgw1IbKw3d4EezxlgdCyPtUTkEeFdTTIO2enBUUl2YLqMSCwFtVLsXz8W4WQSfizaAUWz45ObjfAM2LfmbzpNZfS-HqEuDmCoN1q7EHlotarH5d4bCnLsEgzn2wXS9ta4ni8gQ5OWKEYB4O83ekZK+Yx-Xk7306xs9419Pd5l5+Oo6fJ4X3Zm9Q2fb-nUWyZM2QGpjwoHFEoVa8EUNaFPYJZCEBpbwfmegkgW4GJFmWGYSKuE8MwQEHjhSa5HolQ-IEuQJvoCSOrwpFUcYpwxvq4YPqxbT9AMDFmj6FJIgJYp2sxGz8tR8pjHqQbvuJonwuqD7mkpBoFoyfbUWGap6KRanSTqCpyaqgEAQW0lqBx8kSTmdlojSFIkupDJNASKSuXpdmluRLwfJ8zY6QaNx0U8ER1haiGpOhEiyMR8GXvBagTOInDxdIoVUOFKUaIkK7hZk4U0TcAl3NIWw0UFxogZVyl2JKCwmminmVHixR1bilITm13UVUhfINYYQ0OsO0iSm+-WLNCskeqq5omt5rxsTZGl2IEk3LfV0gbQtnXiWgG25FtjojS6y3sSZHpdSJvVIltuItGVLQPeGh3SnYdVMYtn32DJFzXRKEVA69PG-ZmkETSNEHSGmkqEJEJZ2HD0PIeNhjZTcsHhWmxVEdILQgS0URE1IIGSiTxQTSazW7vuNMbZ+-CGBur4LbtlTMzedMHUd2WQCzt77utIqKILPMnCQkTbAsL7C4Yaa2FQGCy6z+7mlLmrK6rQtjZrMra8rP4djmxqNSulPUEiWxCpFaaULUWwO3Usu4DW2CI34ssrq7nv2UKw2mxDOaBwHwe2+GEdRE2iXbFjcbgPBCYYPHTER5LWPRldsZ8tsiuGPHj1k0nfqF8JjtJ-2KeEadQcutX02reJ+u5A3aLqvrGtl5N+smm3ukayu3lt-9iqxmZ5tmwXovWdnnH1z7w2RSwJJgJXWHd1ia-HFym8dz7ysW+8xcfjb3fhdvLzjmXPtu2gfpu946Xu27t-EaIZjP3DtHK4EuWyPlX+kI-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-cQbheDgjJApFaCpEjZkJOCI+U5syXliOOY2WZnx6ExQWOVvBmUWOVe5NVLsRamnepqsW9kdUwy5vDQJfhsw6uFcy7lZraJaoFWMNgVrwQVIMHYR+o8hVOrdta1xNZGyH2kEfVVfr9WPyRjkl14b0iOrJk5VJdqPAepjROT1syeAxIWeqCZ6b5E+oWbGkk3ho15wjZreN9BE3Fp5Um8O3sZaRUarW0tYbNatzTIWqt1B2y5EkFGdR9rTXgh7R2ptbjqDgklPAPMYbJ3zAUEOiZQ7u3tnKEoOQ-M53BT1WurdmahXwVKHBKQ5AhnRWPUkM95QbhnvvkelVmVagHpxne4N26X27vyC0V9K5t3lE-ZzB+fsb3bG2X+8kQHr1MqQvi0DBMpAqBEHQcQH6yYpCA6GfISh4NJBwOY2DyglBAZw4jAAsth2YmQcAgWkKYNgpHCPkZaJR4o1HNAAA8r5CBIasXMahOhUGgGwdjK9OMeR4+uFcAmhNYCwCiZoQ5WC8YtJJikMmBRNh5YpiTgnnK8B9rpiAfGQDKcYFgTC-wgKUgM0p7TLB6iqaHpweTyArNaaE4QezNUnMuf4zZ9zsNT5DkIDQazQmSIycIDveAgXyDiZ81J5GxwgJBdi0ZmzlJ-PrmS4Z4z1QlT+m45M7zqXQsrkWZiIghWUvGek5M8zQ5FlFeM4UWr6gGtVd8zh7YNS15deC655yvGymcBkxgTg7XQtKFG4lyxfW4svGVk63r42XikBzNKVYQ4hSbZCxSOza2GSbeQNt-rJnhrSlQkd5bK99vlku9l7TlJVPbNYFkY7c3HtwUgi9woI2dsfeqHYF799NNzdy1bbK6AraNe02DpxdhIe0BB8VzKYzIKQ76b9rTIVyw3HKvAMlrwG6-Hx37dqccOH9LJX1InfUSeCRxxwpEdOfil3O0egnDOgbM-yuTqw3OIlegpD89cAANDJfUCRJxZiLtAQT4zXOl94Jc4VPgtEliAEXypxVASIxEBQTH1wAE1dYml15+A3tRDdRBIjwM3mHcOm4Y3Bokbn+k4A-KN7gwWFg5f6UPTAKVnPrh975lIuuZRqBw79kPruj2mYlJHyAimY+7dkDVvEMmVDzGRE1+oY4SIMkz7Ecsc3bOyGQGoDP1AsI57S3n7gEAq9yG-Cnvo3Bs9yG96XocRAjZECs63ocuvahR+D936g8eR9J7H8j2wMnSDNH19Pkvs-kCZ9mH0fXzWV-GbX9X8zc6g875s3vuQ02vcz+U2sI99RHYjOoPUbbKe2tRcdvAB9j-L-adSa-xOFBP-H7sbHh0C37gCgFRZP5zZ9KGCBDHgjb3xf5AF7ZOIVy-yQHI4jIwGOzYDAboFX4F4oEdgwF4Hf4xaHRqDHiQSBCAFgFUEUGXY6o0EjKIDkGTJUHzjP7MCQhoAUGEA7QcFzbu4T4yb1AQBZ6IHKDO5DiiGSFGwp5CFEBqAyFEACHI4KGUYgDKE4At4+YABGLw3aVBygYACQ+hnAI+Bmq6fB3g7G4yWQjsmWtQWgAAcgAAoACqAAKt-pAIgBbpAGIX0o4SAAAPJeEeHeFAA noborder}}
-</well></WRAP>
 ~~PAGEBREAK~~ ~~CLEARFIX~~