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Ideal current source
From circuit theory, we abstract the ideal current source:
- Delivers a fixed current $I_s$, independent of load voltage.
- Symbol: circle with arrow.
- U–I characteristic: vertical line at $I = I_s$.
Conductivity of Matter
Conductor
Charge carriers are freely movable in the conductor.
Examples:
- Metals
- Plasma
Semiconductor
In semiconductors, charge carriers can be generated by heat and light irradiation. Often a small movement of electrons is already possible at room temperature.
Examples:
- Silicon
- Diamond
Isolator
In the insulator, charge carriers are firmly bound to the atomic shells.
Examples:
- many plastics and salts